Power and Batteries
Understand power bank mAh vs Wh, calculate usable USB capacity and estimate phone charges with explicit assumptions and measurement boundaries.
Tutorial | release 1405/07/28 - 10:23
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Embedded fundamentals
Read an Arduino Uno button with INPUT_PULLUP and a bounded debounce state machine. Download tested code covering held buttons, short pulses and millis rollover.
Tutorial | release 1405/07/27 - 10:19
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Embedded fundamentals
Calculate a PC817 LED resistor, understand CTR test conditions and choose an output pull-up, with a real photo, schematic and verified product links.
Tutorial | release 1405/07/26 - 10:10
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Embedded fundamentals
Calculate 7805 power loss, understand thermal resistance and estimate a heatsink requirement, with a real L7805CV photo and component purchase links.
Tutorial | release 1405/07/25 - 10:12
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Embedded fundamentals
Learn relay flyback diode polarity, coil current paths and 1N4007 selection with a real photo, schematic, energy calculation and component purchase links.
Tutorial | release 1405/07/24 - 10:15
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Embedded fundamentals
Learn NE555 pin functions, build a 5 V one-shot, calculate RC pulse width and check tolerance, with a real photo, schematic and component purchase links.
Tutorial | release 1405/07/23 - 10:15
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Embedded fundamentals
Compare the classic ESP32 and the STM32F103C8 with a requirements table and two sample projects; Measure wireless connectivity, timers, memory, consumption and development tools separately.
Educational article Published on 07/21/1405 - 13:23
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Embedded fundamentals
Why does the module regulator not guarantee the logic level? Select resistive divider, buffer and I2C bi-directional converter by calculating tolerance and signal type.
Educational article Published on 07/21/1405 - 13:23
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Embedded fundamentals
Reset when Wi-Fi, turn on the load or check the USB connection step by step; Isolate cable drop, source capacitance, regulator, EN and capacitor placement from software error.
Educational article Published on 07/21/1405 - 13:23
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Embedded fundamentals
PWM is not a constant analog voltage; Learn frequency and brightness ratio separately with ideal wave, LED lighting example, RC filter calculation and Uno compilable code.
Educational article Published on 07/21/1405 - 13:23
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Embedded fundamentals
Turn the specification sheet into a design decision; Read the difference of damage limit and working condition, typical and guaranteed value, accuracy and resolution with sensor and logic example.
Educational article Published on 07/21/1405 - 13:23
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Embedded fundamentals
Schedule LED flash and serial report without delay; Learn unsigned difference, millis overflow, fallback policy and sensor conversion with Uno example.
Educational article Published on 07/21/1405 - 13:23
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Embedded fundamentals
From the number of wires and clock to the data format and voltage level; Compare the three common interfaces with the example of sensor, display and serial module and find the error step by step.
Educational article Published on 07/21/1405 - 13:23
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Calibration and noise
Comparison of moving average, median and EMA for sensor data; Examples of Python, filter delay, noise jump and invalid data handling.
Educational article Published 07/18/1405 - 15:19 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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Basics of sensors
Fixed problem of not finding I2C sensor in ESP32: power supply, SDA and SCL, 7-bit address, Pull-up and locked bus; Along with scanner code and checklist.
Educational article Published 07/18/1405 - 15:19 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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Temperature and humidity
Find the cause of temperature and humidity difference step by step: board heat, enclosure, installation location, old data and comparison reference; Along with the test registration sheet.
Educational article Published 07/18/1405 - 15:19 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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Calibration and noise
Learn the difference between precision, repeatability and resolution with examples; Two-point calibration, residual error, and executable Python file.
Educational article Published 07/18/1405 - 15:19 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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Basics of sensors
Comparison of analog and digital output of sensors, role of ADC, AO and DO output, voltage level and error detection; By practicing data path analysis in ESP32.
Educational article Published 07/18/1405 - 15:19 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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Basics of sensors
What is a sensor and how is it selected? A guide to sensor, output, range, installation and test types for ESP32 and Arduino projects with a practical checklist.
Educational article Published 07/18/1405 - 15:19 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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Pressure, weight and flow
Five Amp ACS712 Module Guide with ESP32 and Uno: Low Voltage Safe Connection, Zero Calibration, DC Current Code, Noise Reduction and Iran Purchase Link.
Educational article Published 06/30/1405 - 15:21 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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Temperature and humidity
Setting up LM35DZ with ESP32 and Arduino: wiring, millivolt reading code and averaging, ADC error check, grade difference and valid purchase link in Iran.
Educational article Published 06/24/1405 - 01:07 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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Distance and level
Setting up HC-SR04 with ESP32 and Arduino: Echo voltage division, distance meter code with timeout, median filter, troubleshooting and comparison of VL53L0X with Iran purchase link.
Educational article Published 06/19/1405 - 18:33 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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Movement and position
PIR and HC-SR501 training with ESP32 and Arduino: wiring, H/L jumper, warm-up time, motion detection code, false trigger troubleshooting and purchase link in Iran.
Educational article Published 06/18/1405 - 17:14 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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Pressure, weight and flow
Load cell and HX711 training with ESP32 and Arduino: wiring, weight calibration, downloadable code, noise troubleshooting and module and load cell purchase link in Iran.
Educational article Published 06/17/1405 - 15:21 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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the light
BH1750 Tutorial with ESP32 and Arduino: Datasheet, I2C Address, Wiring, Measurement Modes, Lux Measurement Code, Calibration and Troubleshooting.
Educational article Published 06/15/1405 - 10:27 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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Gas and air quality
BME680 tutorial with ESP32 and Arduino: datasheet, I2C address, wiring, code for temperature, humidity, pressure and gas resistance, difference between VOC and IAQ and troubleshooting.
Educational article Published 06/10/1405 - 13:59 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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Movement and position
MPU6050 Tutorial with ESP32 and Arduino: Datasheet, I2C Address, Wiring, Accelerometer and Gyroscope Code, Bias Calibration, Drift Fix and Troubleshooting.
Educational article Published 06/09/1405 - 09:51 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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Distance and level
Complete VL53L0X Tutorial with ESP32 and Arduino: Datasheet, Pins, I2C Address, Wiring, Practical Code, RangeStatus, Multi-Sensor and ToF Rangefinder Troubleshooting.
Educational article Published 06/08/1405 - 23:10 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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Pressure, weight and flow
BMP280 Sensor Tutorial with ESP32 and Arduino: Basics, I2C, Address 0x76 and 0x77, Registers, Practical Code, Height Calibration and Troubleshooting.
Educational article Published 06/07/1405 - 18:13 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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the light
Learn how an LDR works, choose a voltage-divider resistor, read it with STM32, and avoid ADC errors with a calculated 3.3 V example.
Tutorial | release 1405/05/13 - 13:26 | Edit 1405/07/25 - 20:51
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Temperature and humidity
Connect an SHT31 to ESP32 or Arduino, check I2C addresses and CRC, and diagnose temperature or humidity errors using the official datasheet.
Tutorial | release 1405/05/08 - 10:24 | Edit 1405/07/25 - 20:51
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Temperature and humidity
Wire a DS18B20 to ESP32 or Arduino, use a non-blocking 1-Wire example, and troubleshoot 85°C, disconnected sensors and conversion timing.
Tutorial | release 1405/05/07 - 10:11 | Edit 1405/07/25 - 20:51
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Embedded fundamentals
MOSFET practical training in simple language with real example, NMOS and PMOS performance review, reading important datasheet parameters and switching circuit design.
Educational article Published 04/24/1405 - 00:50 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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Comprehensive BLE training
Summarizing the BLE learning path for commercial product design; Advertising and GATT analysis, Wireshark, security, consumption, mobile app, RF testing and production.
Educational article Published 04/20/1405 - 11:19 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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Comprehensive BLE training
Bluetooth Low Energy Industry Guide; Mesh, Provisioning, Qualification, RF and EMC tests, Antenna Design, Matching Network and RSSI Calibration.
Educational article Published 04/20/1405 - 11:19 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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Comprehensive BLE training
Guide to advanced BLE projects including DFU and OTA, Bluetooth Mesh, LE Coded Long Range, Streaming Data, Proprietary Protocol and Multi-Connection.
Educational article Published 04/20/1405 - 11:19 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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Comprehensive BLE training
Training for intermediate BLE projects including setting up Wi-Fi via Bluetooth, connecting two ESP32s, Android app, saving settings and managing Reconnect.
Educational article Published 04/20/1405 - 11:19 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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Comprehensive BLE training
Teaching simple Bluetooth Low Energy projects with ESP32; LED control, BLE thermometer, battery monitor, humidity sensor and Beacon.
Educational article Published 04/20/1405 - 11:19 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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Comprehensive BLE training
Bluetooth Low Energy Optimization Guide with MTU Negotiation, Data Length Extension, PHY Update, Connection Parameters and Power Measurement.
Educational article Published 04/20/1405 - 11:19 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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Comprehensive BLE training
Training of BLE debugging tools including nRF Connect, nRF Sniffer, Wireshark, Packet analysis, RSSI and Throughput measurement.
Educational article Published 04/20/1405 - 11:19 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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Comprehensive BLE training
BLE guide on STM32WB; STM32CubeMX Configuration, Wireless Stack, Service Creation and Characteristic, Notify, Connection and Low Power Mode.
Educational article Published 04/20/1405 - 11:19 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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Comprehensive BLE training
Practical Guide to BLE on ESP32 and ESP32-C3; Choosing NimBLE or Bluedroid, making Peripheral and Central, Scan, Connect, Read, Write and Notify.
Educational article Published 04/20/1405 - 11:19 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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Comprehensive BLE training
Bluetooth Low Energy security training; Pairing, Bonding, Encryption, Authentication, Just Works, Passkey, Numeric Comparison and Privacy Address.
Educational article Published 04/20/1405 - 11:19 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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Comprehensive BLE training
UUID training in Bluetooth Low Energy, the difference between UUID16 and UUID128, standard services and the method of designing a dedicated UUID for the product.
Educational article Published 04/20/1405 - 11:19 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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Comprehensive BLE training
GATT Design Guide on Bluetooth Low Energy; Service, characteristic, Descriptor, CCCD, Read, Write, Notify and the difference between Notify and Indicate.
Educational article Published 04/20/1405 - 11:19 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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Comprehensive BLE training
Attribute Protocol training in BLE; Structure of Attribute, Handle, Read and Write, Error Response, MTU and analysis of ATT packets in Wireshark.
Educational article Published 04/20/1405 - 11:19 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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Comprehensive BLE training
Education of Bluetooth Low Energy layered architecture and the task of PHY, Link Layer, L2CAP, ATT, GATT, SMP and GAP from application to antenna.
Educational article Published 04/20/1405 - 11:19 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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Comprehensive BLE training
Training on connection in BLE, Connection Event, Interval, Peripheral Latency and Supervision Timeout along with the setting method to reduce battery consumption.
Educational article Published 04/20/1405 - 11:19 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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Comprehensive BLE training
Training of GAP roles in Bluetooth Low Energy; Peripheral, Central, Broadcaster and Observer along with phone, sensor and ESP32 scenarios.
Educational article Published 04/20/1405 - 11:19 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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Comprehensive BLE training
Complete advertising training in BLE; Types of advertisement, Scan Request and Response, iBeacon and Eddystone and making Flags, UUID and Manufacturer Data.
Educational article Published 04/20/1405 - 11:19 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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Comprehensive BLE training
Teaching Bluetooth Low Energy packet structure from Preamble to CRC, byte-by-byte analysis of Advertising and IFS timing and packet sequencing.
Educational article Published 04/20/1405 - 11:19 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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Comprehensive BLE training
PHY layer training in Bluetooth Low Energy; 2.4GHz band, Advertising and Data channels, GFSK, range, speed and frequency hopping.
Educational article Published 04/20/1405 - 11:19 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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Comprehensive BLE training
Simple Bluetooth Low Energy training for beginners; History, version differences, comparison of BLE with Wi-Fi and Zigbee and concepts of consumption, range, speed and latency.
Educational article Published 04/20/1405 - 11:19 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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