Embedded fundamentals
Read an Arduino Uno button with INPUT_PULLUP and a bounded debounce state machine. Download tested code covering held buttons, short pulses and millis rollover.
Tutorial | release 1405/07/27 - 10:19
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Embedded fundamentals
Calculate a PC817 LED resistor, understand CTR test conditions and choose an output pull-up, with a real photo, schematic and verified product links.
Tutorial | release 1405/07/26 - 10:10
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Embedded fundamentals
Calculate 7805 power loss, understand thermal resistance and estimate a heatsink requirement, with a real L7805CV photo and component purchase links.
Tutorial | release 1405/07/25 - 10:12
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Embedded fundamentals
Learn relay flyback diode polarity, coil current paths and 1N4007 selection with a real photo, schematic, energy calculation and component purchase links.
Tutorial | release 1405/07/24 - 10:15
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Embedded fundamentals
Learn NE555 pin functions, build a 5 V one-shot, calculate RC pulse width and check tolerance, with a real photo, schematic and component purchase links.
Tutorial | release 1405/07/23 - 10:15
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Embedded fundamentals
Compare the classic ESP32 and the STM32F103C8 with a requirements table and two sample projects; Measure wireless connectivity, timers, memory, consumption and development tools separately.
Educational article Published on 07/21/1405 - 13:23
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Embedded fundamentals
Why does the module regulator not guarantee the logic level? Select resistive divider, buffer and I2C bi-directional converter by calculating tolerance and signal type.
Educational article Published on 07/21/1405 - 13:23
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Embedded fundamentals
Reset when Wi-Fi, turn on the load or check the USB connection step by step; Isolate cable drop, source capacitance, regulator, EN and capacitor placement from software error.
Educational article Published on 07/21/1405 - 13:23
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Embedded fundamentals
PWM is not a constant analog voltage; Learn frequency and brightness ratio separately with ideal wave, LED lighting example, RC filter calculation and Uno compilable code.
Educational article Published on 07/21/1405 - 13:23
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Embedded fundamentals
Turn the specification sheet into a design decision; Read the difference of damage limit and working condition, typical and guaranteed value, accuracy and resolution with sensor and logic example.
Educational article Published on 07/21/1405 - 13:23
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Embedded fundamentals
Schedule LED flash and serial report without delay; Learn unsigned difference, millis overflow, fallback policy and sensor conversion with Uno example.
Educational article Published on 07/21/1405 - 13:23
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Embedded fundamentals
From the number of wires and clock to the data format and voltage level; Compare the three common interfaces with the example of sensor, display and serial module and find the error step by step.
Educational article Published on 07/21/1405 - 13:23
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Embedded fundamentals
MOSFET practical training in simple language with real example, NMOS and PMOS performance review, reading important datasheet parameters and switching circuit design.
Educational article Published 04/24/1405 - 00:50 | Edited 07/21/1405 - 11:41
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